摘要：
The significance of biomedical applications of friction stir processing (FSP) is best emphasized by their prospect utilization in improving the biomedical properties of metallic implants for orthopedic applications. FSP facilitates the stable incorporation of functional elements into implant materials for tailored modification of performance, preserves the advantageous properties of the matrix while mitigates inherent weaknesses, and provides a customized solution to multifaceted challenges that affects the long-term functionality of implants. This remarkable advantage in reinforcing properties gives FSP the ability to improve biomedical properties in metallic implants for orthopedic applications. This review (i) provides an overview of the current status and issues of metallic implants for orthopedic applications, with a special attention to the potential of FSP to address the performance decay commonly encountered by implant materials. (ii) details the principles for the development of FSP process parameters to the performation modification of implant materials, (iii) introduces the customized design of implant materials by FSP (including magnesium alloys, titanium alloys and other alloys, as well as their physico-mechanical properties and implant application), and (iv) highlights the influence of FSP on the biological functionality of implant materials. Also explored are the main challenges and perspectives in developing FSMed metallic implants for orthopedic applications.
The significance of biomedical applications of friction stir processing (FSP) is best emphasized by their prospect utilization in improving the biomedical properties of metallic implants for orthopedic applications. FSP facilitates the stable incorporation of functional elements into implant materials for tailored modification of performance, preserves the advantageous properties of the matrix while mitigates inherent weaknesses, and provides a customized solution to multifaceted challenges that affects the long-term functionality of implants. This remarkable advantage in reinforcing properties gives FSP the ability to improve biomedical properties in metallic implants for orthopedic applications. This review (i) provides an overview of the current status and issues of metallic implants for orthopedic applications, with a special attention to the potential of FSP to address the performance decay commonly encountered by implant materials. (ii) details the principles for the development of FSP process parameters to the performation modification of implant materials, (iii) introduces the customized design of implant materials by FSP (including magnesium alloys, titanium alloys and other alloys, as well as their physico-mechanical properties and implant application), and (iv) highlights the influence of FSP on the biological functionality of implant materials. Also explored are the main challenges and perspectives in developing FSMed metallic implants for orthopedic applications.
通讯机构：
[Xie, H ; Zhao, SS; Zhu, Y] C;Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp, Dept Orthoped, Changsha 410008, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp, Movement Syst Injury & Repair Res Ctr, Changsha 410008, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp, Dept Sports Med, Changsha 410008, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp, Natl Clin Res Ctr Geriatr Disorders, Changsha 410008, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Metformin;Osteoporosis;YAP1/TAZ;HIF1α;Angiogenesis;Type H vessel
摘要：
BackgroundOsteoporosis, resulting from an imbalance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation, affects millions globally. Recent studies have identified type H vessels (CD31hiEMCNhi) as a specialized subset of bone blood vessels that positively regulate bone formation. This study aims to investigate the effects of metformin on bone mass, strength, and angiogenesis in osteoporotic mice, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly focusing on the YAP1/TAZ-HIF1 alpha axis.MethodsOsteoporotic mice were administered metformin, and bone mass and strength were measured. In vivo and in vitro angiogenesis assays were performed under hypoxic conditions. Expression levels of YAP1/TAZ and HIF1 alpha were assessed in femoral metaphysis and hypoxia-cultured human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). Small interfering RNA was used to interfere with HIF1 alpha or YAP1/TAZ expression in hypoxia-cultured HMECs. Additionally, we employed AAV-mediated overexpression of YAP1/TAZ in vivo to determine whether elevated YAP1/TAZ levels alter metformin's effects on bone mass and angiogenesis.ResultsMetformin significantly enhanced bone mass and strength in osteoporotic mice. It also promoted angiogenesis under hypoxia conditions both in vivo and in vitro. Metformin reduced YAP1/TAZ expression while increasing HIF1 alpha expression in both the femoral metaphysis of osteoporotic mice and hypoxia-cultured HMECs. Interference with HIF1 alpha or YAP1/TAZ confirmed that metformin enhances HIF1 alpha and its target genes primarily by inhibiting YAP1/TAZ. Furthermore, overexpression of YAP1/TAZ partially reversed the bone-protective effect of metformin, leading to reduced HIF1 alpha levels and diminished type H vessel formation.ConclusionOur findings suggest that metformin holds promise as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis by enhancing type H vessel formation through the inhibition of the YAP1/TAZ-HIF1 alpha axis.
摘要：
Surface structuring has attracted growing interest in the industry due to its potential to improve the macroscopic properties of workpieces. This work investigated the surface structuring of metals by combining thermal oxide film mask and laser lithography with isotropic etching. The metals were thermally oxidized to form a protective oxide film, laser ablation patterned the thermal oxide film, while electrochemical etching operated in the isotropic mode obtained an array of hemispherical cavities. The isotropic etching potential for different metals is taken from the mass transport region of the polarization curve. The effects of thermal oxide film thickness and laser ablation area on the uniformity of the etching holes were studied. The thermal oxidation of TA2 at 350 degrees C formed a 20-nm-thick oxide film, while an array of 10 mu m radius hemispherical microcavities was fabricated on the laser patterning surface via electrochemical etching at 2 V for 1 min. The surface structuring of stainless steel, pure nickel, and tungsten is highly dependent on the ability of the oxide film to avoid electrochemical reactions. The feasibility of combining thermal oxidation and laser lithography with electrochemical etching is of great value for the surface structuring of metallic materials for biomedical and microsystem applications.
作者机构：
[Yang, Bin; Tan, Binxi] Univ South China, Coll Elect Engn, Hengyang 421001, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Yang, B ] U;Univ South China, Coll Elect Engn, Hengyang 421001, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Transformer;deep learning;image fusion;infrared image;multiscale features
摘要：
The aim of infrared and visible image fusion is to produce a composite image that can highlight the infrared targets and maintain plentiful detailed textures simultaneously. Despite the promising fusion performance of current deep-learning-based algorithms, most fusion algorithms highly depend on convolution operations, which limits their capability to represent long-range contextual information. To overcome this challenge, we design a novel infrared and visible image fusion network based on Res2Net and multiscale Transformer, called RMTFuse. Specifically, we devise a local feature extraction module based on Res2Net (LFE-RN) in which dense connections are adopted to reuse the information that might be lost in convolution operation and a global feature extraction module based on multiscale Transformer (GFE-MT) which is composed of a Transformer module and a global feature integration module (GFIM). The Transformer module extracts the coarse-to-fine semantic features of the source images, while GFIM is used to further aggregate the hierarchical features to strengthen contextual feature representations. Furthermore, we employ the pre-trained VGG-16 network to compute the loss of features with different depths. Massive experiments on mainstream datasets indicate that RMTFuse is superior to the state-of-the-art methods in both subjective and objective assessments.
摘要：
Electrochemical enhancing anaerobic cofermentation of waste activated sludge and food waste to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs) represents an innovative and promising approach. Despite its potential, optimizing system performance, providing early warnings, and identifying biomarkers remain challenging tasks due to the intricate interplay of numerous environmental variables and unclear dynamics of microbial interactions. This study first employed machine learning (ML) models including XGBoost, random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), and CatBoost to forecast VFA production by integrating initial feedstock properties, electrochemical pretreatment conditions, and fermentation parameters. CatBoost demonstrated the highest R 2 of 0.977 and the lowest root-mean-square error (RMSE) at 95.69 mg COD/L. Key environmental factors, including fermentation days (VFA production reaching 90% by day 5), salinity (0.5-1.0 g/L), and the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio (16.53-22), were identified as optimal for VFA production. To enhance long-term monitoring and facilitate early warning systems, process indicators (pH, ORP, PNs, SCOD, and PSs) from the last day were used to predict VFA production on the following day by fine-tuning the generative pretrain transformer (GPT), with the gpt-3.5-turbo-0125 model exhibiting the highest R 2 of 0.837 +/- 0.004 and lowest RMSE of 296.98 +/- 3.65 mg COD/L. Local sensitivity analysis revealed that SCOD was the most important process factor affecting VFA production. Moreover, this study employed ML models to uncover microbial biomarkers at the genus levels, including Prevotella_7, Veillonella, Megasphaera, and Lactobacillus, thereby elucidating the nexus among environmental factors, microbial communities, and VFA production. This study offered a novel modeling workflow for anaerobic cofermentation, enabling process optimization and mechanism exploration with the assistance of ML and large language models.
摘要：
Deep rock engineering (such as geothermal exploration, underground energy storage, radioactive waste storage) is often affected by external disturbances and high temperatures. Through characteristic stress identification, acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and numerical simulation, the deformation and fracture processes and degree of thermal-mechanical damaged sandstone are studied, and a simulation method considering thermal strengthening is proposed based on the two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC 2D ). The results show that: The axial peak strain of the sample shows fluctuations below 450 °C as temperature increases, and is followed by a rapid rise, whereas Poisson’s ratio, after reaching its maximum at 150 °C, gradually decreases. With the increase of damage degree, the mean values of σ cc / σ f and σ ci / σ f first decrease and then increase, while the mean values of σ cd / σ f have the opposite trend. With the increase of temperature, σ ci / σ f of sandstone increases, while σ cd / σ f remains at a certain level and fluctuates or decreases. Although the frequency band distribution and quantities of different rock samples are different, the frequency band number and the density within the frequency band have sudden changes before the samples are destroyed. The simulation results indicate that the porosity shows stress sensitivity and intergranular cracking dominates the failure process. The experimental and PFC simulation results agree well in terms of peak stress, failure mode and crack distribution, which verifies the applicability of the proposed thermal strengthening model.
Deep rock engineering (such as geothermal exploration, underground energy storage, radioactive waste storage) is often affected by external disturbances and high temperatures. Through characteristic stress identification, acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and numerical simulation, the deformation and fracture processes and degree of thermal-mechanical damaged sandstone are studied, and a simulation method considering thermal strengthening is proposed based on the two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC 2D ). The results show that: The axial peak strain of the sample shows fluctuations below 450 °C as temperature increases, and is followed by a rapid rise, whereas Poisson’s ratio, after reaching its maximum at 150 °C, gradually decreases. With the increase of damage degree, the mean values of σ cc / σ f and σ ci / σ f first decrease and then increase, while the mean values of σ cd / σ f have the opposite trend. With the increase of temperature, σ ci / σ f of sandstone increases, while σ cd / σ f remains at a certain level and fluctuates or decreases. Although the frequency band distribution and quantities of different rock samples are different, the frequency band number and the density within the frequency band have sudden changes before the samples are destroyed. The simulation results indicate that the porosity shows stress sensitivity and intergranular cracking dominates the failure process. The experimental and PFC simulation results agree well in terms of peak stress, failure mode and crack distribution, which verifies the applicability of the proposed thermal strengthening model.
摘要：
The formation of aggregate always limits the reactive oxygen species generation efficacy of photosensitizer (PS). Developing PS with high performance under physiological environment is essential for the widespread application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in clinic. In this work, platinum-based photosensitizers with adaptive confinement effect are designed and prepared for enhanced tumor PDT treatments. By introducing pyridinothiadiazole with sp 2 nitrogen hybridization and strong electron-withdrawing properties as the ligand, spin-orbit coupling (SOC) could be efficiently enhanced, accelerating intersystemic scampering (ISC) and ultimately improving the generation efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Firstly, the developed complexes effectively reduce the photosensitizing inhibition with the formation of aggregate, enabling more efficient photodynamic activity under physiological conditions. Secondly, both experimental and simulative investigations support the high affinity of Pt-based PSs towards biomacromolecules, which allows for the acquisition of confinement effect. The relatively high binding affinity with biomacromolecules enables the improved photosensitizing ability of PSs compared to the individual ones, which is highly desirable for practical therapy applications. Finaly, in vitro cytotoxicity exploration reveals that Pt-based complexes will trigger the oxidative stress and further induce ferroptosis of tumor cells to eradicate tumor cell upon white light irradiation. The desirable tumor inhibition in vivo is also achieved. This work provides a reliable strategy to construct PSs with high performance to address the various demands PDT treatments in clinical.
The formation of aggregate always limits the reactive oxygen species generation efficacy of photosensitizer (PS). Developing PS with high performance under physiological environment is essential for the widespread application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in clinic. In this work, platinum-based photosensitizers with adaptive confinement effect are designed and prepared for enhanced tumor PDT treatments. By introducing pyridinothiadiazole with sp 2 nitrogen hybridization and strong electron-withdrawing properties as the ligand, spin-orbit coupling (SOC) could be efficiently enhanced, accelerating intersystemic scampering (ISC) and ultimately improving the generation efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Firstly, the developed complexes effectively reduce the photosensitizing inhibition with the formation of aggregate, enabling more efficient photodynamic activity under physiological conditions. Secondly, both experimental and simulative investigations support the high affinity of Pt-based PSs towards biomacromolecules, which allows for the acquisition of confinement effect. The relatively high binding affinity with biomacromolecules enables the improved photosensitizing ability of PSs compared to the individual ones, which is highly desirable for practical therapy applications. Finaly, in vitro cytotoxicity exploration reveals that Pt-based complexes will trigger the oxidative stress and further induce ferroptosis of tumor cells to eradicate tumor cell upon white light irradiation. The desirable tumor inhibition in vivo is also achieved. This work provides a reliable strategy to construct PSs with high performance to address the various demands PDT treatments in clinical.
作者机构：
[Jiawen Deng; Xu Yao] Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China;[Yahan Zhang; Jin-Hong Lin; Ji-Chang Xiao] State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China;[Jun Zhang] Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Vocational College of Science and Technology, Third Zhongyi Shan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China;[Lukang Lin] College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China;[Wenbin Yi] Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China<&wdkj&>College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China
通讯机构：
[Jin-Hong Lin; Ji-Chang Xiao] S;[Wenbin Yi; Xing Zheng] I;State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China<&wdkj&>Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China<&wdkj&>College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing 210094, China<&wdkj&>Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China<&wdkj&>Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Vocational College of Science and Technology, Third Zhongyi Shan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
摘要：
Two types of 5-trifluoromethyl tetrazole-based energetic salts were successfully synthesized from trifluoroacetamide and sodium azide. The synthetic approach is characterized by its simplicity and safety. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the presence of both intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the crystal lattice of energetic salts. The synthesized compound 4 demonstrated notable physical properties, including high densities (1.64 g cm -3 ), great thermal stability (with decomposition temperatures of 167 °C), and excellent insensitivity (impact sensitivity exceeding 40 J). These attributes suggest that the compound 4 possess promising energetic performance and is potential candidates for use as insensitive high-energy materials.
Two types of 5-trifluoromethyl tetrazole-based energetic salts were successfully synthesized from trifluoroacetamide and sodium azide. The synthetic approach is characterized by its simplicity and safety. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the presence of both intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the crystal lattice of energetic salts. The synthesized compound 4 demonstrated notable physical properties, including high densities (1.64 g cm -3 ), great thermal stability (with decomposition temperatures of 167 °C), and excellent insensitivity (impact sensitivity exceeding 40 J). These attributes suggest that the compound 4 possess promising energetic performance and is potential candidates for use as insensitive high-energy materials.
作者机构：
[Chang, Shuai; Gong, Jinru; Tian, Feng; Lei, Weirui] School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;[Hu, Jiwen] School of Mathematics and Physics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;[Zhai, Jintao] College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410012, China;[Zou, Xiao] School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China. Electronic address: shawner@hunnu.edu.cn;[Ju, Fangfang] School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China. Electronic address: jufangfang@hunnu.edu.cn
通讯机构：
[Qian, Shengyou; Zou, Xiao; Ju, Fangfang] S;School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China. Electronic address:
关键词：
AP;Flow and heat transfer;Focused ultrasound;Porous media
摘要：
Focused ultrasound has been widely used for the thermotherapy of soft tissue lesions. In this process, non-Fourier heat conduction and porous medium theory has to be considered because of non-homogeneous media. The study estimates the effects of the temperature lag and porous medium on the plaque ablation and drug treatment by focused ultrasound (FU). This study integrated TWMBT with the porous media heat transfer equation to characterize the internal temperature distribution within atherosclerotic plaque (AP) during FU application. The coupling equations are solved with finite element method. This paper focuses on the effects of porosity, permeability, and attenuation coefficient on the temperature and flow rate within the AP. The results consider artery wall thickness on heating of AP by FU. In addition, this study qualitatively analyzed the differences among the Pennes, TWMBT, and porous media heat conduction equations. The results show that the temperature responses of biological tissues exhibits lagging behaviors, which are inherently related to the physical time scale. Because of the disparities in the physical characteristics of the target and surrounding tissues, fluid flow within AP can have an impact on the distribution of tissue temperature, the direction of flow between solid tissues is determined by the permeability coefficient and ultrasonic intensity. The permeability coefficient, frequency and attenuation coefficient have a significant effect on the fluid flow within AP. Both heat dissipation and heat convergence are characteristics of fluid flow within the tissue, the focal location and the physical property parameters may affect the fluid heat dissipation and heat collection properties within the tissue. Furthermore, the temperature peak may not occur at the focus. The model can provide an analytical template for different types of precise thermal ablation AP, including radiofrequency ablation, microwave therapy, and laser ablation besides FU ablation, and can also provide a case for adjunctive drug transport.
Focused ultrasound has been widely used for the thermotherapy of soft tissue lesions. In this process, non-Fourier heat conduction and porous medium theory has to be considered because of non-homogeneous media. The study estimates the effects of the temperature lag and porous medium on the plaque ablation and drug treatment by focused ultrasound (FU). This study integrated TWMBT with the porous media heat transfer equation to characterize the internal temperature distribution within atherosclerotic plaque (AP) during FU application. The coupling equations are solved with finite element method. This paper focuses on the effects of porosity, permeability, and attenuation coefficient on the temperature and flow rate within the AP. The results consider artery wall thickness on heating of AP by FU. In addition, this study qualitatively analyzed the differences among the Pennes, TWMBT, and porous media heat conduction equations. The results show that the temperature responses of biological tissues exhibits lagging behaviors, which are inherently related to the physical time scale. Because of the disparities in the physical characteristics of the target and surrounding tissues, fluid flow within AP can have an impact on the distribution of tissue temperature, the direction of flow between solid tissues is determined by the permeability coefficient and ultrasonic intensity. The permeability coefficient, frequency and attenuation coefficient have a significant effect on the fluid flow within AP. Both heat dissipation and heat convergence are characteristics of fluid flow within the tissue, the focal location and the physical property parameters may affect the fluid heat dissipation and heat collection properties within the tissue. Furthermore, the temperature peak may not occur at the focus. The model can provide an analytical template for different types of precise thermal ablation AP, including radiofrequency ablation, microwave therapy, and laser ablation besides FU ablation, and can also provide a case for adjunctive drug transport.
作者机构：
[Tang, Jingjing; Tang, Wei; Li, Yanlin] Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China;[Liu, Cong] Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China;[Li, Zhenkui] Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China. Electronic address: lizhenkui@usc.edu.cn
通讯机构：
[Li, Zhenkui] I;Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China. Electronic address:
摘要：
Malaria, a severe parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium infections, remains a major global health challenge. Efforts to eradicate malaria are complicated by the parasite’s intricate life cycle, which alternates between vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors. Host-derived factors and parasite-sourced components exert crucial roles in regulating this biological process. This review explores the critical role of host-derived factors in shaping Plasmodium sexual differentiation and transmission. We examine how vertebrate and mosquito host-specific factors either promote or restrict parasite development, influencing the transition from vertebrates to mosquitoes. Understanding these host-mediated mechanisms is crucial for developing novel transmission-blocking strategies to reduce malaria prevalence. By highlighting key interactions between hosts and parasites, this review provides insights into potential interventions that could disrupt Plasmodium transmission and contribute to malaria control efforts.
Malaria, a severe parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium infections, remains a major global health challenge. Efforts to eradicate malaria are complicated by the parasite’s intricate life cycle, which alternates between vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors. Host-derived factors and parasite-sourced components exert crucial roles in regulating this biological process. This review explores the critical role of host-derived factors in shaping Plasmodium sexual differentiation and transmission. We examine how vertebrate and mosquito host-specific factors either promote or restrict parasite development, influencing the transition from vertebrates to mosquitoes. Understanding these host-mediated mechanisms is crucial for developing novel transmission-blocking strategies to reduce malaria prevalence. By highlighting key interactions between hosts and parasites, this review provides insights into potential interventions that could disrupt Plasmodium transmission and contribute to malaria control efforts.
摘要：
Research continues to be heavily focused on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with programmable characteristics for various potential applications. In this study, a wet-chemical method was applied to synthesize Ag NPs modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). A number of variables, including reaction time, temperature, precursor concentration, and the molar ratio of the raw components, were systematically investigated to modulate the structures and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties of Ag NPs. Notably, the Ag NPs demonstrated pronounced temperature- and/or time-dependent plasmonic effects owing to the transition between spherical Ag NPs capped by silanols or organosilicon oligomers and aggregated NPs coated with polysiloxane. Extending the reaction time (within a temperature range from 60 degrees C to 80 degrees C) facilitated the plasmonic coupling of spherical Ag NPs into aggregation, whereas an increase in reaction temperature promoted the formation of monodispersed spherical Ag NPs. The controllable SPR properties of Ag NPs, attributed to the transition between monodisperse and aggregated states, may prove advantageous for their prospective applications in chemical and biological sensing, analytical techniques, catalysis, as well as in diagnostic and therapeutic contexts.
摘要：
Seismic events and wave action can induce volumetric strain ( ε v ) accumulation in saturated sandy soils, leading to damage to the ground surface and structures. A quantifiable relationship exists between the generation of ε v in sandy soils under drained conditions and the development of pore water pressures under undrained conditions. In this study, the impact of relative density ( D r ), cyclic stress path, and stress level on the characteristics of volumetric strain ( ε v ) generation in saturated coral sands (SCS) was evaluated through drained tests employing various cyclic stress paths. The test findings demonstrate that the rate of ε v accumulation in SCS is notably affected by the cyclic stress path. The rise in peak volumetric strain ( ε vp ) in SCS, as a function of the number of cycles, conforms to the arctangent function model. The unit cyclic stress ratio (USR) was employed as an indicator of complex cyclic loading levels. It was determined that coefficient ( ε vp ) u is positively correlated with USR at a specific D r . At the same D r , coefficient C N 1 exhibits a positive correlation with USR, while coefficient C N 2 displays a negative correlation with USR, following a power-law relationship. Irrespective of cyclic loading conditions, ε vp rises with an increase in generalized shear strain amplitude ( γ ga ). A power function model was established to represent the relationship between ε vp and γ ga . The coefficient ζ 1 decreases as D r increases. Comparisons were drawn between ε vp and γ ga for Ottawa sand and SCS. The results indicate that, as D r of Ottawa sand increases from 30 % to 70 %, the coefficient ζ 1 decreases from 1.54 to 0.73, representing a reduction of approximately 53 %. In contrast, under identical conditions, the coefficient ζ 1 of SCS exhibits a less pronounced decrease, from 1.16 to 0.79, corresponding to a reduction of roughly 32 %. These observations suggest that variations in D r have a more substantial impact on generating ε vp in Ottawa sand compared to SCS.
Seismic events and wave action can induce volumetric strain ( ε v ) accumulation in saturated sandy soils, leading to damage to the ground surface and structures. A quantifiable relationship exists between the generation of ε v in sandy soils under drained conditions and the development of pore water pressures under undrained conditions. In this study, the impact of relative density ( D r ), cyclic stress path, and stress level on the characteristics of volumetric strain ( ε v ) generation in saturated coral sands (SCS) was evaluated through drained tests employing various cyclic stress paths. The test findings demonstrate that the rate of ε v accumulation in SCS is notably affected by the cyclic stress path. The rise in peak volumetric strain ( ε vp ) in SCS, as a function of the number of cycles, conforms to the arctangent function model. The unit cyclic stress ratio (USR) was employed as an indicator of complex cyclic loading levels. It was determined that coefficient ( ε vp ) u is positively correlated with USR at a specific D r . At the same D r , coefficient C N 1 exhibits a positive correlation with USR, while coefficient C N 2 displays a negative correlation with USR, following a power-law relationship. Irrespective of cyclic loading conditions, ε vp rises with an increase in generalized shear strain amplitude ( γ ga ). A power function model was established to represent the relationship between ε vp and γ ga . The coefficient ζ 1 decreases as D r increases. Comparisons were drawn between ε vp and γ ga for Ottawa sand and SCS. The results indicate that, as D r of Ottawa sand increases from 30 % to 70 %, the coefficient ζ 1 decreases from 1.54 to 0.73, representing a reduction of approximately 53 %. In contrast, under identical conditions, the coefficient ζ 1 of SCS exhibits a less pronounced decrease, from 1.16 to 0.79, corresponding to a reduction of roughly 32 %. These observations suggest that variations in D r have a more substantial impact on generating ε vp in Ottawa sand compared to SCS.
摘要：
FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) has emerged as a significant area of research in the field of radiotherapy in recent years. This innovative technology delivers ultra-high dose rate radiation in a very short time, effectively damaging tumor cells while minimizing the impact on surrounding normal tissues. Currently, the beams that have been proven to achieve the FLASH effect include electrons, protons, and photons. X-ray FLASH-RT exhibits enhanced penetration capabilities and superior cost-effectiveness. However, the detectors currently used for X-ray FLASH-RT dose rate measurement generally exhibit saturation effects and a limited dose linear response range. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the primary devices used to generate ultra-high dose rate X-rays. Additionally, we classify and describe the reported detectors for monitoring the high-dose rate in X-ray FLASH-RT according to three main types: gaseous detectors, scintillators, and semiconductors. This offers researchers valuable insights and a solid reference for selecting and optimizing detectors to achieve more precise and reliable high-dose rate X-ray measurements in X-ray FLASH-RT. Additionally, it provides significant support for the further development and clinical implementation of FLASH-RT technology.
作者机构：
[Changyang Wang; Yiren Wu; Zheng Li; Dong Xie] College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421200, Hunan, China;[Hua Tang] Hunan Commercial Technician Institute, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China;[Zeyi Lu] Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Technology, College of Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China;Zhuhai Tsinghua University Research Institute Innovation Center, 101 University Ave, Tangjiawan Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China;[Min Liu] College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421200, Hunan, China<&wdkj&>Zhuhai Tsinghua University Research Institute Innovation Center, 101 University Ave, Tangjiawan Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
通讯机构：
[Min Liu] C;College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421200, Hunan, China<&wdkj&>Zhuhai Tsinghua University Research Institute Innovation Center, 101 University Ave, Tangjiawan Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
摘要：
Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2-2 x Cr 2 x O 4 ( x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) powder samples were prepared using the sol-gel method. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) showed that all samples belong to the cubic spinel crystal system with an Fd-3m space group. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results show that the substitution of Cr leads to a reduction in grain size. The magnetothermal curves obtained from the Multi-Purpose Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS-9) indicated the presence of a spin glass state at low temperatures. With increasing Cr 3+ doping, the Curie temperature decreased and dropped below room temperature at x = 0.4. The unsaturated hysteresis loops of the samples reveal the presence of anomalous paramagnetism below the Curie temperature. Mössbauer spectrum confirmed the coexistence of ferromagnetism and paramagnetism at room temperature. Mössbauer spectrum analysis indicates an interesting superparamagnetic cluster phenomenon caused by the presence of excess non-magnetic ions in the sample. Additionally, Cr doping altered the distribution of metal ions in the samples, causing fluctuations in the area of the superparamagnetic clusters, which verifies that this phenomenon is primarily driven by the magnetic behavior influenced by non-magnetic ions.
Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2-2 x Cr 2 x O 4 ( x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) powder samples were prepared using the sol-gel method. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) showed that all samples belong to the cubic spinel crystal system with an Fd-3m space group. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results show that the substitution of Cr leads to a reduction in grain size. The magnetothermal curves obtained from the Multi-Purpose Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS-9) indicated the presence of a spin glass state at low temperatures. With increasing Cr 3+ doping, the Curie temperature decreased and dropped below room temperature at x = 0.4. The unsaturated hysteresis loops of the samples reveal the presence of anomalous paramagnetism below the Curie temperature. Mössbauer spectrum confirmed the coexistence of ferromagnetism and paramagnetism at room temperature. Mössbauer spectrum analysis indicates an interesting superparamagnetic cluster phenomenon caused by the presence of excess non-magnetic ions in the sample. Additionally, Cr doping altered the distribution of metal ions in the samples, causing fluctuations in the area of the superparamagnetic clusters, which verifies that this phenomenon is primarily driven by the magnetic behavior influenced by non-magnetic ions.
摘要：
BACKGROUND: Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency is an uncommon condition responsible for primary refractory lactic acidosis, and PDH E1β (PDHB) subunit gene mutation rarely causes of PDH deficiency. We described a missense mutation of PDHB gene in a neonate with PDH deficiency, and verified the mutation damages PDH activity in vitro. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to discover the missense mutation. We constructed the recombinant eukaryotic recombinant expression vector, the phage-PDHB-wt/mut, containing human full-length wild-type (NM_000925.4) or mutant (c.575G > T) PDHB gene, and transfected vector into 293T cells. Western blot was performed to assess PDH protein stability, PDH activity was measured. RESULTS: A 37-week-gestation male infant was noted to have refractory lactic acidosis, growth retardation, and neurodevelopmental anomalies with abnormal brain magnetic resonance (MR) findings, starting with convulsive seizures at 3months of age. WES analysis revealed the homozygous missense mutations in the PDHB gene, which was c.575G > T (p.Arg192Leu) in exon 6. This missense mutation of PDHB was predicted to be harmful by bioinformatics software including Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT), Polyphen2, LRT, and Mutation Taster. Western blot showed that normal PDH protein expression was significantly decreased in the phage -PDHB-mut transfected cells than that in the phage -PDHB-wt transfected cells (P < 0.001). PDH activities analysis revealed that PDH activity was significantly decreased in the phage -PDHB-mut transfected cells than that in the phage -PDHB-wt transfected cells (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: c.575G > T (p.Arg192Leu) in PDHB gene is a pathogenic missense mutation, which causes PDH deficiency in autosomal recessive inheritance mode.
摘要：
ABSTRACT Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a major concern among contemporary pollutants, but there is still limited knowledge regarding their impact on skin function. To address this issue, we conducted a transcriptome analysis on skin tissue that had been exposed to polystyrene (PS), which is one of the most prevalent type of MPs that can be absorbed through the skin. The results of our study, obtained through functional enrichment analysis and the experiment of treating HaCaT with PS, revealed that PS may have an effect on skin barrier function, specifically the permeability barrier through inhibiting keratinocyte differentiation. Additionally, PS also induced dysfunction in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Mechanistically, we observed that PS induced fibroblasts senescence and increased the secretion of senescence‐related characteristics. Furthermore, the expression of core genes related to the ECM, such as COL1A1, COL1A2 and SPP1, was found to be down‐regulated in PS‐treated fibroblasts. Moreover, an in vitro experiment provided evidence of the involvement of PPARγ in PS‐induced fibroblast senescence. In conclusion, our study has identified PS as a causal factor for skin barrier dysfunction. Additionally, PS induces fibroblast senescence, leading to ECM dysfunction and contributing to skin aging. These findings further strengthen the understanding and management of the effects of MPs on skin health.
通讯机构：
[Tan, XF; Yang, QL ; Chen, GD; Wu, GL] U;Univ South China, Affiliated Hosp 1, Hengyang Med Sch, Dept Hepatopancreatobiliary Surg, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Univ South China, Inst Pharm & Pharmacol, Hengyang Med Sch, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Univ South China, Hengyang Med Sch, NHC Key Lab Birth Defect Res & Prevent, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Univ South China, Hengyang Med Sch, MOE Key Lab Rare Pediat Dis, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
The advancement of mitochondria-targeted near-infrared-II (NIR-II) excitable phototheranostics constitutes a promising strategy for improving fluorescence-image-guided cancer phototherapy. However, developing phototheranostic agents that simultaneously combine high-contrast NIR-II fluorescence imaging with effective multimodal therapeutic techniques remains a substantial challenge. Herein, we reported a shielding-donor–acceptor–donor-shielding structured NIR-II phototheranostic (FCD-T) by a molecular engineering strategy, followed by self-assembly with glutathione-responsive copolymer to form FCD-T nanoparticles. The introduction of functional bithiophene endows FCD-T with significant electron-donating properties and reduces intermolecular π-π stacking interactions. The robust π-conjugation of fluorene with good rigidity would enhance the intramolecular charge transfer capability. Therefore, FCD-T NPs exhibited an NIR-II absorption peak at 1075 nm and an emission peak at 1280 nm. Upon NIR-II light excitation, such nanoparticles could generate excellent photothermal and photodynamic performances with good biocompatibility. Moreover, the NIR-II mitochondria-targeted phototherapy further facilitated mitochondrial apoptosis-related pathways, activating antitumor immunity and inhibiting tumor growth with single irradiation at low doses.
The advancement of mitochondria-targeted near-infrared-II (NIR-II) excitable phototheranostics constitutes a promising strategy for improving fluorescence-image-guided cancer phototherapy. However, developing phototheranostic agents that simultaneously combine high-contrast NIR-II fluorescence imaging with effective multimodal therapeutic techniques remains a substantial challenge. Herein, we reported a shielding-donor–acceptor–donor-shielding structured NIR-II phototheranostic (FCD-T) by a molecular engineering strategy, followed by self-assembly with glutathione-responsive copolymer to form FCD-T nanoparticles. The introduction of functional bithiophene endows FCD-T with significant electron-donating properties and reduces intermolecular π-π stacking interactions. The robust π-conjugation of fluorene with good rigidity would enhance the intramolecular charge transfer capability. Therefore, FCD-T NPs exhibited an NIR-II absorption peak at 1075 nm and an emission peak at 1280 nm. Upon NIR-II light excitation, such nanoparticles could generate excellent photothermal and photodynamic performances with good biocompatibility. Moreover, the NIR-II mitochondria-targeted phototherapy further facilitated mitochondrial apoptosis-related pathways, activating antitumor immunity and inhibiting tumor growth with single irradiation at low doses.
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作者机构：
[Chen, Shuangxi; Chen, Yanfang] Univ South China, Affiliated Hosp 1, Hengyang Med Sch, Dept Neurol, Hengyang, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Huiqing; Cao, Peng] Univ South China, Affiliated Hosp 1, Hengyang Med Sch, Dept Hepatopancreatobiliary Surg, 69 Chuanshan Rd, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Cao, P ] U;Univ South China, Affiliated Hosp 1, Hengyang Med Sch, Dept Hepatopancreatobiliary Surg, 69 Chuanshan Rd, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
artemisinin;cognitive disorder;glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1;GSDMD-N;hyperuricemia;pyroptosis
摘要：
The prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) is climbing worldwide and persistent elevation of serum uric acid impairs cognitive function. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of Artemisinin (Art) antagonizing cognitive disorder in HUA by suppressing pyroptosis. A mouse model of HUA was established by intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg/kg potassium oxonate (PO) in C57BL/6 mice for 14 days. The mice were simultaneously treated with Art, an agonist of pyroptosis Polyphyllin VI (PPVI), or glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) knockdown lentiviral plasmid. After treatment, serum uric acid, IL-6, and TNF-ɑ levels were examined, as well as hippocampal IL-1β and IL-18 levels, and the cognitive function of mice was assessed by the Morris water maze test. Pathological changes in the CA1 of the hippocampus were observed. Cleave-caspase-1, GSDMD-N, and GRIP1 protein level in the hippocampus was quantified by western blot. After PO induction, the escape latency and the time spent in the target quadrant increased in mice, cell arrangement in CA1 hippocampus was loose and disorganized, with obvious inflammatory infiltration and serious damage being observed, and the mouse hippocampus had elevated cleaved-caspase-1, GSDMD-N, IL-1β, and IL-18. Art treatment reduced pyroptosis in the hippocampus and improved cognitive disorder in HUA mice. Administration of PPVI aggravated cognitive disorder in Art-treated HUA mice, and Art improved cognitive dysfunction in HUA mice by inhibiting pyroptosis through upregulation of GRIP1. Art blunts pyroptosis in the hippocampus of HUA mice suffering from cognitive disorder by upregulating GRIP1.
