The green and circular economy are two significant themes intertwined in sustainable development, which requires that they be dealt with integral rather than fragmented, as in most previous cases. Therefore, this paper models a closed-loop supply chain consisting of a manufacturer, an e-commerce platform, and a recycler. Among them, the manufacturer with CSR, the game leader, is responsible for green technology innovation, product manufacturing, and remanufacturing. The e-commerce platform and recycler follow online sales and recycling for used products. To solve this Stackelberg game model, w...
