The process of spermatogenesis is deficient in the testis of VAD rats by several major factors: failure of A2 sperm to form from A1 spermatogonia, delayed precursor cell development and dysplasia, and reduced spermatids [31]. Studies have demonstrated that certain receptors that are present in the early GCs of neonatal testes allow for the necessary components to respond to RA signaling pathways, including RA receptors and retinoid receptors [33]. RA is poorly transported in the serum and