Atherosclerosis is a complex progressive pathophysiological alteration normally associated with disorders of lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and endothelial injury [96], [97]. Multiple studies have revealed that autophagy activates a protective programme in atherosclerosis, and exacerbated autophagosome formation for degrading cellular components may play an ameliorating role in the pathophysiological condition of