The rapid growth of nuclear energy technology, along with the expansion of global nuclear power projects, has led to a significant increase in high-level radioactive wastes (HLWs), particularly spent fuel from nuclear power plants. The disposal of HLWs remains a major challenge due to its high radioactivity, long half-lives, and complex management requirements. Ensuring the long-term safety of HLW disposal is critical for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. Currently, deep geological disposal is considered the most effective and secu...
