Due to their high water content, stimulus responsiveness, and biocompatibility, hydrogels, which are functional materials with a three-dimensional network structure, are widely applied in fields such as biomedicine, environmental monitoring, and flexible electronics. This paper provides a systematic review of hydrogel characterization methods and their applications, focusing on primary evaluation techniques for physical properties (e.g., mechanical strength, swelling behavior, and pore structure), chemical properties (e.g., composition, crosslink density, and degradation behavior), biocompatib...
