Endothelial cells (ECs) are interior surface cells covering blood vessels, which play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. In vascular pharmacology and toxicology, ECs directly contact drugs or toxicants entering circulation. Therefore, the bio-effects of pharmacological/toxicological substances on ECs have gained extensive research interest, which needs to be evaluated by reliable models. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have been served as versatile platforms to mimic diverse pathophysiological processes in vitro, stemming from their unique fetal arterial-like e...
