Autophagy is a process in which damaged, modified or aging proteins and organelles are transported to the lysosome/vacuole for degradation. Autophagy is not only a widespread normal physiological process, but also a cell defense mechanism to adverse environment, involved in the pathological process of diseases. The normal level of autophagy can protect cells from environmental stimuli, however, continued excessive or insufficient autophagy could lead to disease. In the heart, myocardial autophagy plays a vital role to maintain myocardial function, but dysfunctional autophagy contributes to a d...
