We systematically evaluated the DNA adsorption and desorption efficiencies of several nanoparticles. Among them, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) NPs, and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs exhibited strong DNA-binding capacities under mild conditions. However, phosphate-mediated DNA displacement efficiencies varied considerably, with only TiO₂ NPs showing consistently superior performance. Further investigation into the DNA adsorption and desorption mechanisms of TiO₂ NPs led to the following key results: (1) TiO₂ NP...